Formulation‐based approaches for dermal delivery of vaccines and therapeutic nucleic acids: Recent advances and future perspectives

A growing variety of biological macromolecules are in development for use as active ingredients topical therapies and vaccines. Dermal delivery biomacromolecules offers several advantages compared to other methods, including improved targetability, reduced systemic toxicity, decreased degradation drugs. However, this route is hampered by the barrier function skin. Recently, a large body research has been directed toward improving skin, ranging from nucleic acids (NAs) antigens, using noninvasive means. In review, we discuss latest formulation-based efforts deliver antigens NAs vaccination treatment skin diseases. We provide perspective their advantages, limitations, potential clinical translation. The platforms discussed review may formulation scientists clinicians with better vision alternatives dermal biomacromolecules, which facilitate new patient-friendly prophylactic therapeutic medicines.